Chemical Formula Of Lithium Phosphate

Lithium atomic number 26 phosphate

Names
IUPAC name iron(2+) lithium phosphate (one:ane:ane)
Identifiers
CAS Number	15365-fourteen-7 Northward
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	10752170 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.124.705
EC Number	604-917-2
PubChem CID	15320824
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID20571409
InChI InChI=1S/Fe.Li.H3O4P/c;;i-five(2,3)four/h;;(H3,1,2,three,4)/q+2;+1;/p-3 Y Cardinal: GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K Y InChI=1S/Iron.Li.H3O4P/c;;i-5(2,3)iv/h;;(H3,1,2,3,iv)/q+two;+ane;/p-3 Key: GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-G
SMILES [Fe+2].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O
Backdrop
Chemical formula	FeLiO four P
Molar mass	157.757
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Due northverify (what is Y N  ?) Infobox references

Chemic compound

Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO
_iv . It is a gray, cherry-greyness, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries,^[1] a blazon of Li-ion battery. This battery chemical science is targeted for apply in power tools, electric vehicles, solar free energy installations^[2] and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.^[3]

Most lithium batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products use cathodes fabricated of other lithium compounds, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO
₂ ), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn
₂ O
_four ), and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO
₂ ). The anodes are by and large made of graphite.

Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but this fabric has insufficient purity for use in batteries.

LiMPO
₄ [edit]

With general chemical formula of LiMPO
_iv , compounds in the LiFePO
₄ family unit adopt the olivine structure. 1000 includes not only Fe but also Co, Mn and Ti.^[iv] As the first commercial LiMPO
₄ was C/LiFePO
₄ , the whole group of LiMPO
₄ is informally called "lithium fe phosphate" or "LiFePO
₄ ". However, more than one olivine-type phase may be used equally a battery's cathode cloth. Olivine compounds such as A
_y MPO
_iv , Li
_1−ten MFePO
₄ , and LiFePO
_iv−z M have the same crystal structures as LiMPO
_iv , and may supersede it in a cathode. All may exist referred to every bit "LFP".

Manganese, phosphate, iron, and lithium as well grade an olivine structure. This structure is a useful contributor to the cathode of lithium rechargeable batteries.^[5] This is due to the olivine structure created when lithium is combined with manganese, iron, and phosphate (as described above). The olivine structures of lithium rechargeable batteries are significant, for they are affordable, stable, and can be safely used to shop energy.^[6]

History and product [edit]

Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough kickoff identified the polyanion form of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.^{[seven] [8] [9]} LiFePO
_iv was and so identified as a cathode material belonging to the polyanion class for utilise in batteries in 1996 by Padhi et al.^{[10] [eleven]} Reversible extraction of lithium from LiFePO
₄ and insertion of lithium into FePO
₄ was demonstrated. Neutron diffraction confirmed that LFP was able to ensure the security of large input/output current of lithium batteries.^[12]

The textile can be produced by heating a variety of iron and lithium salts with phosphates or phosphoric acid. Many related routes take been described including those that employ hydrothermal synthesis.^[thirteen]

Physical and chemical properties [edit]

In LiFePO
_iv , lithium has a +one accuse, iron +2 charge balancing the −3 charge for phosphate. Upon removal of Li, the cloth converts to the ferric form FePO
_four .^[fourteen]

The iron atom and 6 oxygen atoms form an octahedral coordination sphere, described every bit FeO
₆ , with the Iron ion at the center. The phosphate groups, PO
₄ , are tetrahedral. The three-dimensional framework is formed by the FeO
_half-dozen octahedra sharing O corners. Lithium ions reside within the octahedral channels in a zigzag mode. In crystallography, this structure is thought to belong to the P_mnb infinite group of the orthorhombic crystal system. The lattice constants are: a = 6.008 Å, b = x.334 Å, and c = 4.693 Å. The volume of the unit prison cell is 291.4 Åⁱⁱⁱ.

In contrast to ii traditional cathode materials, LiMnO
₄ and LiCoO
_two , lithium ions of LiMPO
_four migrate in the lattice's i-dimensional gratis volume. During charge/discharge, the lithium ions are extracted concomitant with oxidation of Fe:

${\displaystyle {\ce {LiFe^{II}PO4 <=> Fe^{III}PO4 + Li+ + e-}}}$

Extraction of lithium from LiFePO
₄ produces FePO
₄ with a similar structure. FePO
₄ adopts a P_mnb space group with a unit cell volume of 272.4 Å³, only slightly smaller than that of its lithiated precursor. Extraction of lithium ions reduces the lattice book, equally is the case with lithium oxides. LiMPO
₄ 'south corner-shared FeO
₆ octahedra are separated by the oxygen atoms of the PO ⁱⁱⁱ⁻
₄ tetrahedra and cannot form a continuous FeO
₆ network, reducing conductivity.

A about shut-packed hexagonal array of oxides centers provides relatively little free volume for Li ⁺
ions to migrate within. For this reason, the ionic conductivity of Li ⁺
is relatively low at ambience temperature. The details of the lithiation of FePO
₄ and the delithiation of LiFePO
₄ have been examined. Two phases of the lithiated material are implicated.^{[14] [fifteen]}

Applications [edit]

LFP cells accept an operating voltage of three.iii V, charge density of 170 mAh/chiliad, high power density, long cycle life and stability at high temperatures.

LFP's major commercial advantages are that it poses few safety concerns such as overheating and explosion, as well every bit long cycle lifetimes, high power density and has a wider operating temperature range. Power plants and automobiles utilize LFP.^{[xvi] [17]}

BAE has announced that their HybriDrive Orion 7 hybrid charabanc uses nearly 180 kW LFP battery cells. AES has developed multi-trillion watt battery systems that are capable of subsidiary services of the power network, including spare capacity and frequency aligning. In China, BAK and Tianjin Lishen are active in the surface area.

Comparison [edit]

Although LFP has 25% less capacity than other lithium batteries due to its operational voltage (3.2 volts vs 3.7 for Co-based cathode chemistries), it has 70% more than nickel-hydrogen batteries.

The major differences between LFP batteries and other lithium ion battery types is that LFP batteries contain no cobalt (removing ethical questions about material sourcing) and have a flat discharge curve.

LFP batteries accept drawbacks, originating from the electrically insulating backdrop of LFP, equally well as the lower maximum charge/discharge voltage. The free energy density is significantly lower than LiCoO
_ii (although college than the nickel–metal hydride battery).

Lithium cobalt oxide based battery chemistries are more than decumbent to thermal runaway if overcharged and cobalt is both expensive and not widely geographically available. Other chemistries such as nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) accept supplanted LiCo chemical science cells in almost applications. The original ratio of Ni to Mn to Co was three:3:3, whereas today, cells are being fabricated with ratios of viii:1:1 or vi:2:2, whereby the Co content has been drastically reduced.

LiFePO₄ batteries are comparable to sealed lead acid batteries and are often being touted equally a driblet-in replacement for lead acid applications. The most notable divergence betwixt lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity is contained of the belch rate. With very high discharge rates, for case 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is but sixty% of the rated chapters. Therefore, in circadian applications where the discharge rate is often greater than 0.1C, a lower rated lithium battery will often have a college bodily chapters than the comparable pb acrid battery. This means that at the same capacity rating, the lithium volition cost more, just a lower capacity lithium battery tin be used for the same application at a lower price. The cost of ownership when considering the lifecycle further increases the value of the lithium battery when compared to a lead acrid battery.^[18]

Intellectual holding [edit]

The root patents of LFP compounds are held by four organizations. Academy of Texas-Austin for the discovery of the textile. Hydro-Québec, Université de Montréal and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) for the carbon coating that enhance its conductivity and actually makes LFP suitable for industrial developments.^[xix] These patents underlie mature mass production technologies. The largest production capacity is up to 250 tons per month. The central feature of Li
_1−ten MFePO
₄ from A123 is the nano-LFP, which modifies its physical properties and adds noble metals in the anode, too as the utilise of special graphite as the cathode.

The main feature of LiMPO
_iv from Phostech is increased capacitance and electrical conductivity by an appropriate carbon coating. The special characteristic of LiFePO
_four • zM from Aleees a high capacitance and low impedance obtained by the stable command of the ferrites and crystal growth. This improved control is realized past applying strong mechanical stirring forces to the precursors in high oversaturation states, which induces crystallization of the metal oxides and LFP.

In patent lawsuits in the The states in 2005 and 2006, the Academy of Texas at Austin|Academy of Texas-Austin and Hydro-Québec claimed that LiFePO
₄ as the cathode infringed their patents, US 5910382 and United states of america 6514640 . The patent claims involved a unique crystal construction and a chemic formula of the battery cathode material.

On Apr 7, 2006, A123 filed an activeness seeking a declaration of non-infringement and invalidity UT'south patents. A123 separately filed two ex parte Reexamination Proceedings before the The states Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), in which they sought to invalidate the patents based upon prior art.

In a parallel court proceeding, UT sued Valence Technology, Inc. ("Valence") - a company that commercializes LFP products that alleged infringement.

The USPTO issued a Reexamination Certificate for the '382 patent on April 15, 2008, and for the '640 patent on May 12, 2009, by which the claims of these patents were amended. This allowed the current patent infringement suits filed past Hydro-Quebec confronting Valence and A123 to proceed. After a Markman hearing, on Apr 27, 2011, the Western District Court of Texas held that the claims of the reexamined patents had a narrower scope than every bit originally granted.

On December 9, 2008, the European Patent Office revoked Dr. Goodenough's patent numbered 0904607. This determination basically reduced the patent risk of using LFP in European automobile applications. The decision is believed to be based on the lack of novelty.^[20]

The starting time major large settlement was the lawsuit between NTT and the University of Texas-Austin (UT). In October 2008,^[21] NTT announced that they would settle the case in the Nippon Supreme Civil Court for $thirty million. As part of the agreement, UT agreed that NTT did not steal the information and that NTT would share its LFP patents with UT. NTT's patent is also for an olivine LFP, with the general chemic formula of A
_y MPO
_iv (A is for alkali metal and M for the combination of Co and Fe), now used by BYD Company. Although chemically the materials are nearly the same, from the viewpoint of patents, A
_y MPO
₄ of NTT is different from the materials covered by UT. A
_y MPO
₄ has higher capacity than LiMPO
₄ . At the heart of the example was that NTT engineer Okada Shigeto, who had worked in the UT labs developing the material, was defendant of stealing UT'southward intellectual holding.

As of 2020, an system named LifePO+C claims to own the key IP and offers licenses. It is a consortium betwixt Johnson Matthey, the CNRS, Academy of Montreal, and Hydro Quebec.

Research [edit]

Power density [edit]

LFP has two shortcomings: low conductivity (loftier overpotential) and depression lithium diffusion constant, both of which limit the accuse/discharge rate. Adding conducting particles in delithiated FePO
₄ raises its electron conductivity. For example, adding conducting particles with good diffusion capability like graphite and carbon^[22] to LiMPO
_four powders significantly improves conductivity between particles, increases the efficiency of LiMPO
₄ and raises its reversible capacity up to 95% of the theoretical values. However, add-on of conductive additives too increases the "dead mass" present in the cell that does not contribute to free energy storage. LiMPO
₄ shows practiced cycling operation even nether accuse/discharge current as large as 5C.^[23]

Stability [edit]

Blanket LFP with inorganic oxides can make LFP's structure more stable and increase conductivity. Traditional LiCoO
₂ with oxide blanket shows improved cycling performance. This coating as well inhibits dissolution of Co and slows the decay of LiCoO
₂ chapters. Similarly, LiMPO
₄ with an inorganic blanket such as ZnO^[24] and ZrO
₂ ,^[25] has a better cycling lifetime, larger capacity and meliorate characteristics nether rapid discharge. The addition of a conductive carbon increases efficiency. Mitsui Zosen and Aleees reported that addition of conducting metal particles such as copper and silver increased efficiency.^[26] LiMPO
_iv with 1 wt% of metallic additives has a reversible chapters upwards to 140 mAh/thou and amend efficiency under high discharge electric current.

Metal substitution [edit]

Substituting other metals for the iron or lithium in LiMPO
₄ can besides raise efficiency. Substituting zinc for atomic number 26 increases crystallinity of LiMPO
_iv because zinc and iron take like ionic radii.^[27] Cyclic voltammetry confirms that LiFe
_one−ten M
_x PO
_four , after metal substitution, has higher reversibility of lithium ion insertion and extraction. During lithium extraction, Fe (Two) is oxidized to Fe (Iii) and the lattice volume shrinks. The shrinking volume changes lithium's returning paths.

Synthesis processes [edit]

Mass production with stability and high quality still faces many challenges.

Similar to lithium oxides, LiMPO
_four may be synthesized by a diversity of methods, including: solid-stage synthesis, emulsion drying, sol-gel process, solution coprecipitation, vapor-phase deposition, electrochemical synthesis, electron beam irradiation, microwave process^{[ vague ]}, hydrothermal synthesis, ultrasonic pyrolysis and spray pyrolysis.

In the emulsion drying process, the emulsifier is first mixed with kerosene. Next, the solutions of lithium salts and iron salts are added to this mixture. This process produces nanocarbon particles.^[28] Hydrothermal synthesis produces LiMPO
₄ with proficient crystallinity. Conductive carbon is obtained by calculation polyethylene glycol to the solution followed by thermal processing.^[29] Vapor stage deposition produces a thin picture LiMPO
_iv .^[30] In flame spray pyrolysis FePO₄ is mixed with lithium carbonate and glucose and charged with electrolytes. The mixture is then injected inside a flame and filtered to collect the synthesized LiFePO
₄ .^[31]

Furnishings of temperature [edit]

The effects of temperature on lithium fe phosphate batteries tin can be divided into the furnishings of high temperature and low temperature.

Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries showroom better performance at an elevated temperature. Research has shown that at room temperature (23 °C), the initial capacity loss approximates forty-50 mAh/g. However, at forty °C and 60 °C, the capacity losses approximate 25 and xv mAh/g respectively, but these capacity losses were spread over 20 cycles instead of a bulk loss like that in the instance of room temperature capacity loss.^[32]

Nonetheless, this is only true for a short cycling timeframe. Afterwards yearlong study has shown that despite LFP batteries having double the equivalent full cycle, the capacity fate rate increased with increasing temperature for LFP cells but the increasing temperature does not bear upon NCA cells or have a negligible impact on the crumbling of NMC cells.^[33] This capacity fade is primarily due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation reaction beingness accelerated by increasing temperature.

LFP batteries are especially affected by decreasing temperature which possibly hamper their application in loftier-latitude areas. The initial discharge capacities for LFP/C samples at temperatures of 23, 0, -10, and -twenty °C are 141.8, 92.7, 57.9 and 46.7 mAh/chiliad with coulombic efficiency 91.2%, 74.5%, 63.6% and 61.3%. These losses are accounted for by the slow diffusion of lithium ions inside electrodes and the formation of SEI that come with lower temperatures which after increase the accuse-transfer resistance on the electrolyte-electrode interfaces.^[34] Some other possible cause of the lowered capacity formation is lithium plating. As mentioned above, depression temperature lowers the diffusion charge per unit of lithium ions within the electrodes, assuasive for the lithium plating rate to compete with that of intercalation charge per unit. The colder condition leads to higher growth rates and shifts the initial signal to lower state of charge which means that the plating process starts earlier.^[35] Lithium plating uses up lithium which then compete with the intercalation of lithium into graphite, decreasing the chapters of the batteries. The aggregated lithium ions are deposited on the surface of electrodes in the form of "plates" or even dendrites which may penetrate the separators, short-circuiting the battery completely.^[36]

See also [edit]

• Lithium iron phosphate bombardment
• A123 Systems
• Valence Technology

References [edit]

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Chemical Formula Of Lithium Phosphate,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate

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